• Salisbury
• Set in park along river, the 404 ft. spire is tallest in England
• Lacks a rounded apse; lacks ambulatory
• Wider design
• Flying buttresses were used only sparingly in England

• Haddon Hall in Derbyshire

• Exterior
  

• Overlooks pastures; set on the side of hill

• Interior
  

• Book of Hours
: shows the banqueting entertainments that would have taken place inside
• Feast of Epiphany
• Army, Duke, Religious

• Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
• English literature is thought to be more original and creative than its sculpture and painting
• The Canterbury Tales’ subject is a group of pilgrims’ stories and tales
• Pilgrims are going from London to Canterbury (to see shrine of St. Thomas a Becket)

• Pilgrims are taken from the gambit of social classes

• Romanesque was dominant style of Germany
• Germany adopted the Gothic in time

• Cathedral at Ulm
  reached 529 feet tall
• Cathedral begun 1377 but the spire was not completed until 1800s

• Naumberg Cathedral
• Ekkehard and Uta
• Aristocrat and his wife
• Shows increasing sense of humanism

• Bamberg Cathedral
• Bamberg Rider

• Tall spires do not fit in well with environment
• Frescos and mosaics were still popular, limiting the desire to adopt extensive stained glass projects
• Why?
• Some say that the influence of antiquity abounds in Italy
• Others say that Italian nationalistic tendencies rejected anything French
• Yet others, including Fleming, argue that the Italian climate (it was sunny and ward) dictates that windows are to be downplayed.

• Florence Cathedral
• Milan Cathedral
• Exhibits the most resemblance to French Gothic cathedrals
• Northern architects work on project

Cathedrals and Gargoyles

• Many Gothic cathedrals from all over Europe have gargoyles
• What purpose do they serve?
• Function: waterspouts

• why the design?
• They sometimes appear to be spitting water, vomiting water (or excreting it), so why are they created on cathedrals?
• Do they represent devils and evil spirits excluded from the church interior?
• -Or, devils forced into the service of the church?
• Perhaps they are just monsters put there to scare evil spirits from the church.

• The influence of St. Francis of Assisi
• Canticle of the Sun
  
• Naturalism and spiritualism synthesis
• Didn’t God give Adam and Eve the natural world?
• But St. Francis never takes the focus from God as the provider of this wonderful nature

• Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi
• Brother Elias- best way to honor Francis was to build a monument
• Elias’s dissenters- best way to honor Francis was to live correctly

• Materialism and spiritualism

Giotto

• Painted primarily murals; his name is found on murals at St. Francis’s Basilica
• Miracle of the Spring
  
• Humanism alert: 1) Francis is at center, 2) Francis is large in comparison to mountains and landscape

• St. Francis Renouncing His Father and Worldly Gods ; Assisi
• What was the message of Christ after all?: self-denial, world-denial, world-acceptance, kingdom-seeking, kingdom-anticipating, …

• Madonna and Child Enthroned
  (1310); Florence
• Realism; clothes, figure

• Pieta (Lamentation Over the Body of Jesus) (1305-6); Padua
• Focus is not on center
• Position of characters expresses emotion
• Landscape and emotions convey naturalism and realism

Nicola and Giovanni Pisano

• Father and son, respectively
• Nicola Pisano, Annunciation and Nativity (1259-60)
• Crowding of characters is a distinct Gothic style
• Realism and classicism anticipates Renaissance sculpture

• Giovanni Pisano, Nativity and Annunciation to the Shepherds  (1302-1310)
• Greater naturalism than his father’s sculpture
• Figures are less-crowded, thinner

• Cimabue

• Duccio
• Simone Martini
• Lorenzetti Brothers

• Cimabue

• Duccio

• Giotto

• Simone Martini

• The epic genre: contains "hero of superhuman caliber, dangerous journey, misadventures, divine dimension, digressions, long speeches, vivid descriptions, and general lofty tone."

• Components of Medieval style and concerns
• In its concern for salvation
• In its creative integration of Aristotelian cosmology in Christian worldview

• Components of Renaissance
• In its creativity and non-reliance on the Church for visions of heaven and hell
• (He places popes, kings, contemporaries, and literary figures in Paradise, Hell, and Purgatory)

• Before the Black Death
• 1301-1314: general shortage of food in Europe
• 1315-17: famine in Europe

• The disease and its effects
• Bubonic Plague- bite from flea ® coughing, fever, swellings in groin or armpits (known as buboes), vomit blood: 5 days to death
• Septicemic Plague- attacked the blood: swifter death
• Pneumonic Plague- airborne: 3 days to death
• 1331-2 Mongolia
• by 1347 Plague reaches Sicily, then quickly spreads through undernourished Europe.
• Towns and cities were most affected
• In all, ~20 million people perish (1/4 to 1/3 of European population)

• Reaction to the Plague

• Some become more religious
• Some turn to lawlessness and debauchery
• Some blame the Jews, claiming that they poisoned wells; to punish those at fault, Jews were burned and massacred
• The popes did speak out about this anti-Semitic behavior

• Medical faculty in Paris attributes the cause to the planets Saturn, Jupiter and Mars combining to corrupt the air

• "Of all the people who held these various opinions, not all of them died. Nor, however, did they all survive." –Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron

Lasting effects of the Plague

• Worldview: neither religion, nor kinship bonds, nor Parisian scientists could get through to the ordinary person frightened by the Black Death

• "This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of men and women that brothers abandoned brothers, uncles their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases wives deserted their husbands. But even worse, and almost incredible, was the fact that fathers and mothers refused to nurse and assist their own children, as though they did not belong to them." - Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron

• Economics:

• 1) end to labor shortage: short-term benefits to peasantry

• 2) Inheritance
• 3) But soon governments taxed workers more heavily
• 4) demand decreases and leads to other labor surpluses
• -------fall in wages, fall in prices; economic hardship

• Art:
• Triumph of the Plague
, by F. Traini 

• 1) Naturalism

• 2) Nominalism

• 3) Franciscan Humanitarianism

• 4) Survival of Classicism