NORTHERN RENAISSANCE STYLE

  1. The North circa 1400
    1. Commercial revolution and trade

      2.  

    2. Intellectual and cultural climate

 

Claus Sluter Well of Moses (1395-1403); Fig. 11.2

 
  1. Painting in Flanders

 

    1. Robert Campin

      2. The Merode Altarpiece (Fig. 11.3); c. 1425-8

    2. Jan van Eyck

      3. (Hubert and Jan van Eyck) Ghent Altarpiece (Fig. 11.4); 1432

       

      Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami (Fig. 11.5)

       

       

    3. Hugo van der Goes

      4. Portinari Altarpiece (Fig. 11.6); c. 1476

       

    4. Hieronymous Bosch

      5. Garden of Earthly Delights (Fig. 11.7); c. 1500

       

       

       

    5. Pieter Bruegel the Elder

The Wedding Feast (Fig. 11.8); c. 1567

 

 

Hunters in the Snow (Fig. 11.9); c. 1565

 

 
  1. Painting in Germany
    1. Albrecht Durer

      2. Self Portrait (Fig. 11.10); 1498

      -see website also

      Madonna and Child with a Multitude of Animals (Fig. 11.11); 1503

       

      Four Apostles (Fig. 11.12); 1526

       

    2. Matthias Grunewald

 

Nativity (Fig. 11.13); 1515

 

Crucifixion (Fig. 11.14); 1515

 
  1. Painting in England
    1. Hans Holbein the Younger

 

Allegorical Portrait of Jean de Dinteville and George de Selve (Fig. 11.15); 1533

 
  1. The Reformation
    1. Martin Luther

1) Is the Church an equal authority to the Bible?: Sola Scriptura

"The ungodly papists prefer the authority of the church far above God’s word; a blasphemy abominable and not to be endured; void of all shame and piety, they spit in God’s face. Truly, God’s patience is exceeding great, in that they are not destroyed; but so it always has been."

(from Table Talk, a book of religious sayings attributed to Luther)

    1. On Church abuses (95 theses)

Julius II and Leo X proclaim indulgences for the construction of new Saint Peter’s basilica

John Tetzel, a monk, said in April of 1517:

"As soon as the coin in the box rings, the soul from purgatory springs" (Quoted in Carter Lindberg’s The European Reformations)

-Luther on indulgences

-Only God can offer salvation: it cannot be earned

 

-challenges notion that the clergy are intermediaries b/t God

and humanity

 
    1. John Calvin (Institutes of the Christian Religion)

      2. -like Luther, Calvin emphasizes the sinful nature of humanity and that God’s grace is the only way to salvation. Calvin emphasized the doctrine of predestination.

    2. King Henry VIII

      3. -When Pope Clement VII refuses Henry a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry rejects the authority of the pope (1527)

      -Parliament (1534) declares the king the Supreme Head of the Church of England

    3. Why the Protests?: Theological reasons, Political reasons

      4.  

    4. Effects of Protestantism on economics, theology, politics, freedoms, arts