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B S  ?apPTRU0*r0*r0*r0*r):)QUTU):)QUTUsratwikA:\Borst APA.doc*~u~u@ 0OJQJo(!@HP LaserJet 4LPT1:HPPCL5MSHP LaserJet 4HP LaserJet 4@g XX@MSUDOHP LaserJet 4<d HP LaserJet 4@g XX@MSUDOHP LaserJet 4<d tvuRUP@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3& Arial?5 Courier NewSWP TypographicSymbols" htSftSfW ZF$! eVXl Guidelines forsratwiksratwikWordDocument SummaryInformation( vDocumentSummaryInformation82 F`4lܬ`4lܬY RYbjbjWW ==RU].......4$L~ Jrgggprrr+qE $  fi .g|gggi ..crg..pb6^....gp8S..pf ڬh Guidelines for......1 Running head:. APA STYLE WRITING . . . . . . . . Guidelines for Writing in APA Style William U Borst Troy State University at Phenix City http://www.ldl.net/~bill/aparev.htm . . . .. .. . . . . . .Guidelines for......2 Abstract The second page of your paper contains your abstract. An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of your paper. It should be accurate, selfcontained, concise and specific, non evaluative, coherent and readable. It should reflect the purpose and content of your paper. The abstract should not exceed 960 characters and spaces (120 words). An abstract for a review or theoretical article should be described in 75 to 100 words. The American Psychological Association (APA) recommends the following information for this type of_ paper: the topic in one sentence; the purpose, thesis, or organizing construct and the scope (comprehensive or selective) of the article; the sources used (e.g., personal observation, published literature); and the conclusions. _ Guidelines for_____ 3 Guidelines for Writing in APA Style ______ APA style is the style of writing specified in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed., 1994). This hand out is meant to be used as a quick reference when writing papers and NOT as a substitute for buying the manual itself. Remember that if you are writing a paper for class, your professor's specific instructions (e.g., Headings with letters added) take precedence over those of the Publication Manual (p.334). The page numbers given at the end of each checkpoint reference where to find information on the specific topic in the Publication Manual. Basic Format Margins are to be 1" from top, bottom, and sides (Except the manuscript page header) (pp.240241). ! Double spaced in all situations (p. 239). ! Acceptable type face is Courier or Times New Roman and in 12point size (pp. 237238). ! Justification only on Left side of paper. In other words, the right side of the paper should have ragged edges (such as this paper) (p. 240). ! Page numbers begin with title page (p. 241). ! Paragraphs are to be indented five to seven spaces (p. 242). Title Page Checkpoints for title page: The manuscript page header at the top right of the page (1/2 inch down) is followed by five spaces and then the page number. This should contain the first two or three words of your title. The next line of your title page contains your running head for publication. Note that the running head is entirely capitalized and should be flushed left. The running head should be no more than 50 characters including punctuation and spaces. In the middle of your paper, type and center the following information: Full title of the paper (Recommended title is 10 to 12 words) , your name, and institution affiliation (pp. 248250). The previous page contains an example of what the first page of your paper should look like and the information it contains. ______ The abstract page should follow the title page. It should start on a new page and be your page number two. Type the word Abstract centered on the first line of the page. The abstract should not be more than 960 characters long, including punctuation and spaces. It should be in block form and left justified, in other words, DO NOT indent paragraph. The abstract is a brief, comprehensive,and specific summary of your paper (pp 811, 250). (Note that not all professors will require you to write an Abstract page. If this is the case, see next section). ______ The third page of your paper will be the text of your paper. Begin by typing the title of your paper and centering it. The next line should be indented five to seven spaces and begin your text (p. 251). ______ The reference page follows your text. Begin on a new page and type the word References and center it. If you only have one reference type Reference. If your references take up more than one page, DO NOT retype the word references on sequential pages, simply continue your listings with the first line on the next page (p.251). Rules of APA Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to set off the title of an article or chapter in a periodical or book when the title is mentioned in text, to introduce a word or phrase considered slang, or as an invented or coined expression. For example, the "high tolerance" variable [no quotation marks after the initial usage] (pp 6566). Abbreviations Use abbreviations sparingly. Always spell out what the abbreviation means the first time it is used (For example, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) ). Thereafter, use the abbreviation. However, the following abbreviations do not have to be explained: IQ, REM, ESP, AIDS, HIV, NAPD, ACTH. (pp. 8089). Spacing Space once after commas, colons, semicolons, after periods that separate parts of a reference situation, and after the periods of the initials of personal names (e.g., W. U. Borst). Do not space after internal periods in abbreviations (e.g., a.m., i.e.,) or around colons in ratios. (pp. 239, 244). Numbers The general rule of using numbers in the text is to use figures with numbers 10 and above. All numbers below 10 which are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above do not have to be spelled out (For example, in the 2nd and 11th grades a test was given). However, use the numerical symbol for all numbers in your Abstract page. Spell out the number when beginning a sentence. To make plurals out of numbers add 's' only with no apostrophe (the 1990s). Use combinations of written and Arabic numerals for backtoback modifiers (six 2point scales) (pp. 99105). Underlining Do not underline for mere emphasis (such as the preceding). Underline for titles of books, introduction of new terms and labels (the first time only), statistical symbols (t test), and volume numbers in reference lists. (pp. 8082)._ Headings Headings indicate the organization of the manuscript and establish the importance of each topic. The Publication Manual (4th ed.,APA, 1994) covers the specifics from pp 9093. The level of headings numbers from an Level 1 heading to a Level 5. Do not label headings with numbers or letters (unless instructions differ from professor=s). The following is an example of how they are to be typed. For a Level 1 heading: Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 2: Centered, Underlined, Uppercase and lowercase Heading Level 3: Flush Left, Underlined, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading Level 4: ........Indented, underlined, lowercase heading with a period. Level 5: CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING In most cases, a level 1 heading can be used throughout your paper. Please note that this paper contains BOLD face headings for divisional purposes only. In general, follow the rules of making an outline. For example, If you are required to write an paper on depression. The professor will more than likely want you to divide the paper using these headings: Overview of the topic, diagnostic criteria, treatment of the disorder, and personal commentary on the topic. Use a level 1 heading throughout your paper since each topic is of equal importance.Example Summary of Depression in Adults Diagnostic Criteria for Depression Treatment of Depression in Adults Personal Commentary on Depression Citation of Sources in Text The citation of sources is a key point in writing in APA style format. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.,APA, 1994) states that "whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source. . . . For a direct quotation in the text, give the author, year, and page number in parentheses" (p. 97). If any material is left out use three ellipsis points (. . .) within the sentence, use four ellipsis points (. . . .) when material is left out between two sentences. If inserting explanations in an direct quotation use brackets, not parenthesis. If any incorrect spelling, grammar, or punctuation in the source might confuse readers, insert the word sic, in brackets and underlined (i.e., [sic]), immediately after the error in the quotation. (pp. 9596). Examples: Quotation 1: The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A). . . . In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). Quotation 2: Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings. . . . and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are courtremanded to such settings" (p.275). With quotations of 40 or more words, DO NOT use quotation marks. Set off the quotation in Block style format (Start quote on new line indented five spaces. Each subsequent line is also indented) (pp. 9596). Note: The following quotation should be doublespaced. Quotation 3: Elkind (1978) states: In general, our findings support Piaget's view that perception as well as intelligence are neither entirely inborn nor entirely innate but are rather progressively constructed through the gradual development of perceptual regulations. The chapter has also attempted to demonstrate the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical issues by summarizing some research growing out of an analysis of beginning reading. (p. 183) When paraphrasing someone else's material, you are required to cite them. For Example: Smith (1996) found that test scores do not necessarily always correlate with IQ scores. If your paragraph is entirely taken from someone else's findings, thoughts, beliefs, etc., then at the end of the paragraph insert parenthesis containing the authors name and year. For example: (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). (p.97) Make sure that anything referenced in your paper is cited on your Reference page and anything on your Reference page is used in your text (the reference page used in this paper is for example purposes only). NOTE: This is a common mistake for many students and is a main reason why professors will LOWER your grade! SEQ ParaNumbers2_0 \* Arabic \r 11. All citations in your text contain two parts: The author and year of publication. Always insert the year after the author the FIRST time it is used per paragraph, unless it can be confused with a different study, article, book. However, when an citation contains two or more authors use the following rules: (See manual pp. 168174) _ Two Authors (Smith & Jones, 1994) or Smith and Jones (1994) found . . . . . In 1994 Smith and Jones researched....... Always cite both names in text. _ Three, four, or five authors Cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations use the first author's surname followed by "et al.". For example Strasburger, Jorgensen, and Randles (1996) found differences..... [First Time Used] Strasburger et al. (1996) also created tests........... [First Subsequent Citation per paragraph] Starsburger et al. found discrepancies..... [Further citations within SAME paragraph Omit Year] _ Six or more authors Cite only the first surname and follow with "et al." Smith et al. (1996) _ Groups as authors First time cited spell out the group. For example (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1996). Thereafter, use the abbreviation followed by the publication year. For example The NIMH (1996) examined...... Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source (e.g., for a study by Weisenmiller cited in Borst) (See manual pp. 200, 260) A primary source is the article, book, etc. that you have read and used to cite in your paper. In some cases you might wish use an citation from that work. This is called an secondary source. You should always try to consult the original source. However, if you cannot, you should cite the source in the text, and refer to the sources you actually read. In the reference section, include only the source that you actually consulted. For example, suppose you read a paper by Borst (1997),and in that paper he refers to a paper by Weisenmiller (1996). If you DID NOT actually read Weisenmiller (1996) yourself, then in the text, you might say: Weisenmiller (1996, as cited in Borst,1997) recommends working in the computer industry. In the reference section, you would include a reference for Borst (1997), but NOT for Weisenmiller (1996). Works with no authors: When a work has no author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. For example depression in adults ("Study Finds," 1997), the book Career Counseling (1997). When a work's author is designated as "Anonymous," cite in text the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date: (Anonymous, 1997). In the reference list, an anonymous work is alphabetized by the word Anonymous. (pp. 171, 180). Elements and Examples of References in APA Style The Reference(s) page(s) begins on a new page. The references should be listed in alphabetical order. Consider author's names such as McAfee and Macwerner literallyMacwerner would come first. For two or more references with the same author, list first which ever one has the earliest publication year, and single author citations precede multiple author citations. If there is NO Author, the title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title. (p.180) In instances where you have two or more references that contain thesame author and year, differentiate them by placing a, b, c, d, etc. after the year. For example National Institute of Mental Health. (1994a). Bipolar disorder [Brochure]. Indianapolis, IN: Dista Products. National Institute of Mental Health. (1994b). Depression [Brochure]. Indianapolis, IN: Dista. Then use the appropriate year and letter when citing in text. All references should be doublespaced and indented. The following reference formats are given as examples, and DO NOT cover how to cite every type of reference. Consult your APA Manual for more information. (pp. 189222) Periodicals with one author: Required Information Authors surname. (Year of publication). Title of article. Publication information which includes: Journal title and volume number (underlined), the inclusive page numbers. Note: If ,and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number. If no publication date is available, write "n.d." in parenthesis. (p. 184). Teri, L. (1982). Depression in adolescence: Its relationship to assertion and various aspects of selfimage. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 11(2), 101106. .Periodicals with two authors: ______ Sonne, J. L., & Pope, K. S. (1991). Treating victims of therapistpatient involvement. Psychotherapy, 28, 174187. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited: ______ Borst, W. U. (1996). Guidelines for writing in APA style. Unpublished manuscript, Troy State University at Phenix City. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained on university microfilm: ______ Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (University Microfilms No. AAD9315947) Books: Information needed Book authors or editors, date of publication, book title, publication information. ______ Elkind, D. (1978). The child's reality: Three developmental themes. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Edited Book: _______ Marshall, F. J., & Kibbs, H. S. (Eds.). (1996). This is an fictional reference. Atlanta: Make Believe Publications. Article in an Edited Book: ______ Duckworth, J. C., & Levitt, E. E. (1994). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques: Vol. 10 (pp. 424 428). Austin, TX: ProEd. Groups as authors: ______ American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Note: This is also an example of how to reference editions of books. When the publisher and author are the same, use "Author" for the publisher. Magazine Article: ______ Arie, M. (1996, October 8). Protecting yourself from evil Email. PC Magazine, 15, p. 192. Note: Use the exact date for weekly publications. Use the Month for monthly publications. ERIC Document: ______ Simms, H. S. (1996). The title of the article goes here (Report No. NCRTLXX991). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 888 096) Abstracts on CDRom: ______ Author, I. (date). Title of article [CDROM]. Title of Journal, xx, xxxx. Abstract from: Source and retrieval information. FullText Article on CDROM: ______ Sears, S. W. (1994, Winter). The first news blackout. , pp. 1623. (From [SIRS Researcher CDROM Spring 1996], Art. No. 35. Boca Raton, FL: SIRS, Inc. [Producer and Distributor].) Personal Communication: Personal communications may be memos, letters, lectures, seminars, interviews, telephone conversations, email, and the like. These type of sources do not provide recoverable data and are NOT included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in TEXT only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible: W. U. Borst (personal communication, April 7, 1997) said that these are not include in the reference list. or (W. U. Borst, personal communication, April 7,1997) See pages 173174 for more information. Other Electronic Media: Note: At the time of publication, the APA manual only gave suggestions on how to reference information off the Internet and other online sources. The following are examples which are becoming the standard in APA format. WWW page: ______ Dewey, R. (1996). APA publication manual crib sheet. [OnLine]. Available: http://www.GaSoU.edu/psychweb/tipsheet/apacrib.htm For Gopher or FTP data, insert gopher or ftp in place of the http://www. For example ______ Bixley, T. S. (1995) Sentient microfilaments: A tempest in a tub. [Online]. Available: ftp://blahblah.xxxxxxxx For a complete listing consult the manual from pp. 189222. Miscellaneous: _____ Avoid biased and pejorative language. Do not use 'men' to refer to all adults. Some commonly used acceptable references to populations: African Americans, Native Americans, Sexual orientation (Not sexual preference), People with depression and People with AIDS (Not Depressives or AIDS victims or sufferers), Asian Americans (Not oriental), Older persons (Not Elderly), Lesbians and gay men (Not homosexual). (pp. 4660) _ Type no more than 27 lines of text per page. _ Annotated bibliographies are sometimes required by professors. These are nothing more than references containing brief and descriptive information concerning the references. Instead of typing 'references' at the top of your paper, use 'Annotated Bibliography'. This page or pages follow your reference page(s). In general, use Scientific Journals for references (i.e., Journal of Counseling and Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal of the American Medical Association). In other words avoid using 'popular opinion' journals or magazines, or both (i.e., Time, Newsweek, USA Today, National Enquirer, Redbook, etc.). __ Use the sample paper provided in the manual from pages 258272!!! THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED FREELY AS LONG AS THIS PAGE IS INCLUDED. Compiled by William U Borst Troy State University at Phenix City, 1996 (Revised April, 1997) The following is an example of what a Reference page looks like. It should begin on a separate page! _ Guidelines for____ 13 References _____American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th. ed.). Washington, DC: Author. _____American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. _____Dewey, R. (1996). APA publication manual crib sheet. [OnLine]. Available: http://www.GaSoU.edu/psychweb/tipsheet/apacrib.htm _____Duckworth, J. C., & Levitt, E. E. (1994). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory2. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques: Vol. 10 (pp. 424 428). Austin, TX: ProEd. _____Elkind, D. (1978). The child's reality: Three developmental themes. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. _____Issac, G. (1995). Is bipolar disorder the most common diagnostic entity in hospitalized adolescents and children? Adolescence, 30(118), 273276. _____National Institute of Mental Health. (1994a). Bipolar disorder [Brochure]. Indianapolis, IN: Dista Products. _____National Institute of Mental Health. (1994b). Depression [Brochure]. Indianapolis, IN: Dista Products.  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